>_ AGENT CONTEXT

The Relationship
Singularity

A shared movement for founders and researchers who think that we can understand human personality much better, and use that understanding to match people with their social soul mates.

Matthew Fisher | relationshipsingularity.org

Why improving social matching matters

After basic needs like health and shelter are taken care of, one of the biggest contributors to people’s increasing happiness becomes the quality of their social connections. Studies on self reported happiness have shown that those with an income of $50k per year with a partner have a self reported happiness as high as those making $110k per year. In purely economic terms, good matchmaking can give EACH person you match the equivalent of a new car in terms of happiness. What’s more, you don’t need a factory or materials to do it, just better algorithms!

We can give people significant amounts of new happiness at nearly zero cost!

We are currently at the start of a potential renaissance in social psychology. The tools we have now, Myers-Briggs, big five, are the ptolemaic models of the solar system. We are coming out of what will be looked back at as a dark ages where little real progress has been made on psychometrics. Many dating apps and HR departments now use those psychometrics to attempt to improve matchmaking, whether it be for romance or team composition. But if you think about them the way a machine learning engineer might think about the latent space of a VAE, their performance seems lackluster. Just as the latent of a VAE is meant to encode a compressed representation of the data it ingests, a psychometric profile like your big five scores is meant to encode a compressed representation of your personality, but how does it do on measures of quality of that compression? Both achieve what would be considered unpublishably weak predictions of life outcomes given that they are meant to represent the underlying traits (one’s personality and identity) that predict those same outcomes. This is what I mean when I say we are in a dark ages for psychology.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Big Five → subjective well-being Steel et al. 2008 R ≈ .62 Big Five → training performance van Aarde et al. 2017 R ≈ .37 Big Five → academic achievement Mammadov 2022 R ≈ .32 Big Five → job performance van Aarde et al. 2017 R ≈ .30 Big Five → relationship satisfaction Dyrenforth et al. 2010 R ≈ .24 What we believe is achievable hypothetical target R ≈ .90 multiple correlation R   (0 = no prediction  ·  1 = perfect) →
Multiple R for the whole Big Five (all five traits combined) predicting each outcome. Sources: Steel et al. 2008; van Aarde et al. 2017; Mammadov 2022; Dyrenforth et al. 2010. Well-being is corrected; relationship satisfaction is observed. The bottom bar is a hypothetical target, not a measured result. For contrast, the MBTI reassigns 39–76% of people to a different type on retest within five weeks (Pittenger 1993, 2005).

Like the work on astronomy being a precursor to the general Renaissance of thinking across Europe, the work by companies like Meta, ByteDance, and others has shown that we are in a new era in terms of our access to massive amounts of social data. Appropriately, the founder of OkCupid Christian Rudder wrote a book called Dataclysm predicting that there would be massive changes to psychology and matchmaking from this newly available data.

Dataclysm by Christian Rudder — book cover
Christian Rudder, Dataclysm: Who We Are (When We Think No One’s Looking). Crown, 2014.

The work over the last 10 years in the interpretation of generative models has shown that we now have a path to quantifying the relationships underlying complex data about humans: our words, our movements, our speech, etc..

Whether it is work on interpreting the latent space of human faces to be able to understand how human attraction preferences may vary, or the work on interpreting the activations in language models as they encounter different personalities and emotions, we are now starting to have tools to quantify all the data human’s generate about themselves. That was the major bottleneck when Christian Rudder wrote Dataclysm, how to quantify the massive amounts of data we had about people, the signal that must be formed from the underlying traits of the people creating it.

Once we have better representations of people, then representations of their relationships to each other, and then learning the relationships between the input personality vectors (nodes) and the output relationship outcomes (edges) becomes the benchmark and research task, where those who work in ML research can begin to contribute to pushing forward the SOTA capabilities, for various social and dating apps to then use to distribute this social good to the whole of the human species.

One other question remains though, what is the need for this optimal social matching? My answer to this ends up being a point that some could contend with, and it is an open question, but here is how I think about social outcomes:

EV = 0 · a random encounter a good book a walk outside serial killer best friend soul mate 8 billion people, ranked by the value of meeting them → expected value of an interaction ↑

It seems a great tragedy to me, that many of us now live in mega-cities like NYC, in towering apartment complexes, where there are probably 50,000 people you could walk to meet in person in the next 15 minutes, and among that 50,000 is someone who could make your day, week, or life, significantly better, but because of a lack of search tools, you will never meet them.

Amplify this across the world, for any given person on earth you could name, you are probably only 1-12 hours from being able to call them on a video chat. Among that 6 billion internet users, there must be people who can truly transform your life, and yet again, because of a lack of search tools for the specific query of “mutual expected social value”, you will likely never talk to them. This fact makes me genuinely sad, that people will never meet their soul mates, that new ideas, companies, cultures, families may never form, that someone may live and die feeling much lonelier than they ought to.

It doesn’t have to be that way. The ability to find these connections is a technology that ought to exist in the world, and I would like to help bring together the people who can help solve it.

If you are interested in this work, please, schedule a call with me, and others listed on this website, we’d love to talk to you!

📞📅 Schedule a call

Want to contribute in person to this project? We are hosting in-person matchmaking events this Fall that will be used for anonymous datasets to improve matchmaking.

New York Times — Can You Optimize Love?
January 2026 “Can You Optimize Love?” Read the article →

Get Involved

Love Symposium · November 2024

Talk

Roadmap PDF

A Theoretical Roadmap to the Relationship Singularity

Download PDF →

Media & Press

New York Times “Can You Optimize Love?” (January 2026) The Daily (NYT) “Is the Swipe Era Over?” Paper A Theoretical Roadmap to the Relationship Singularity YouTube Full 2-hour research talk, Love Symposium 2024 Podcast Vectors of Mind, “AI, Dating Apps, and the Future of Relationships” Conference Love Symposium, San Francisco

People & Companies Working On This

Submit a person, company, or project

Ideas

Share your ideas or feedback here!

Are you an ML Researcher?

Hello! We have been looking for help from people like you! This field has a massive potential to help the world, but one of the major things missing is several hundred researchers creating benchmarks, datasets, research approaches, and conference workshops, to push it forward. I am actively trying to recruit people to get in on the ground floor of this field, and have companies I can connect you with who may want to fund your work or hire you to do this with them. Please reach out to me if you are interested! staff@relationshipsingularity.org

Papers

Representation Learning & Embeddings

  1. Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision. Radford et al. ICML 2021. The CLIP paper. The governing analogy for the entire research program.
    arxiv.org/abs/2103.00020
  2. node2vec: Scalable Feature Learning for Networks. Grover & Leskovec. KDD 2016. Graph embedding method applied to the TV Tropes bipartite character-trope graph.
    arxiv.org/abs/1607.00653
  3. A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks. Karras, Laine & Aila. CVPR 2019. StyleGAN, the “style-GAN moment for personality” analogy.
    arxiv.org/abs/1812.04948
  4. Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space. Mikolov et al. 2013. Word2Vec. Early proof that embedding spaces have geometric structure (king − man + woman = queen).
    arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781
  5. LAION-5B: An Open Large-Scale Dataset for Training Next Generation Image-Text Models. Schuhmann et al. NeurIPS 2022. Five billion image-text pairs that made CLIP's embedding space comprehensive.
    arxiv.org/abs/2210.08402
  6. Hyperbolic Image Embeddings. Valentin Khrulkov, Leyla Mirvakhabova, Evgeniya Ustinova, Ivan Oseledets, Victor Lempitsky. CVPR 2020.
    arxiv.org/abs/1904.02239

Emotion & Affect

  1. Self-report captures 27 distinct categories of emotion bridged by continuous gradients. Cowen & Keltner. PNAS 2017. Foundational evidence that discrete emotion labels are lossy, and that unsupervised high-dimensional representations recover richer structure.
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702247114
  2. What music makes us feel: At least 13 dimensions organize subjective experiences associated with music. Cowen et al. PNAS 2020. Extension of the emotion embedding approach to music, demonstrating cross-modal consistency.
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910704117
  3. Hume AI. Alan Cowen’s company building emotion AI infrastructure. Proof of concept that the embedding paradigm works for psychological constructs.
    hume.ai
  4. Mapping 24 Emotions Conveyed by Brief Human Vocalization. Alan S. Cowen, Hillary Anger Elfenbein, Petri Laukka, Dacher Keltner. American Psychologist 2019.
    doi.org/10.1037/amp0000399
  5. The Inner Sentiments of a Thought. Chris Gagne, Peter Dayan. arXiv 2023.
    arxiv.org/abs/2307.01784

Interpretability at Anthropic

  1. Scaling Monosemanticity: Extracting Interpretable Features from Claude 3 Sonnet. Adly Templeton, Tom Conerly, et al. Anthropic, 2024. The “Golden Gate Claude” paper — millions of human-interpretable features extracted from a frontier model, and causal steering of its identity by amplifying a single feature.
    transformer-circuits.pub/2024/scaling-monosemanticity
  2. Emotion concepts and their function in a large language model. Anthropic Interpretability Team. Anthropic, 2026. 171 emotion concept vectors inside Claude Sonnet 4.5 that causally shape behavior — emotion embeddings, discovered inside a language model.
    transformer-circuits.pub/2026/emotions

Personality Measurement & Prediction

  1. Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans. Youyou, Kosinski & Stillwell. PNAS 2015. With 275 Facebook likes, a model predicts Big Five traits more accurately than a spouse.
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418680112
  2. The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Barrick & Mount. Personnel Psychology 1991. Foundational Big Five work, the “5-pixel image” we aim to surpass.
    doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x
  3. An atlas of personality, emotion and behaviour. Anthony E. D. Mobbs. PLOS ONE 2020.
    doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227877
  4. Facial recognition technology can expose political orientation from naturalistic facial images. Michal Kosinski. Scientific Reports 2021.
    doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79310-1
  5. Men and Women Are From Earth: Examining the Latent Structure of Gender. Bobbi J. Carothers, Harry T. Reis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2012.
    doi.org/10.1037/a0030437
  6. Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior. Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell, Thore Graepel. PNAS 2013.
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218772110
  7. Predicting Personality from Book Preferences with User-Generated Content Labels. Ng Annalyn, Maarten W. Bos, Leonid Sigal, Boyang Li. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 2020.
    arxiv.org/abs/1707.06643
  8. Deep Lexical Hypothesis: Identifying personality structure in natural language. Andrew Cutler, David M. Condon. arXiv 2022 / JPSP 2023.
    arxiv.org/abs/2203.02092
  9. Personality assessment and behavioral prediction at first impression. Oshin Vartanian, Keith Stewart, David R. Mandel, Nada Pavlovic, Lianne McLellan, Paul J. Taylor. Personality and Individual Differences 2012.
    doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.024
  10. Predicting personality from patterns of behavior collected with smartphones. Clemens Stachl, Quay Au, Ramona Schoedel, et al. PNAS 2020.
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920484117
  11. Predicting personality with social behavior: a comparative study. Sibel Adalı, Jennifer Golbeck. Social Network Analysis and Mining 2014.
    doi.org/10.1007/s13278-014-0159-7
  12. Social media-predicted personality traits and values can help match people to their ideal jobs. Margaret L. Kern, Paul X. McCarthy, Deepanjan Chakrabarty, Marian-Andrei Rizoiu. PNAS 2019.
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917942116
  13. Personality Traits in Large Language Models. Greg Serapio-García, Mustafa Safdari, Clément Crepy, Luning Sun, Stephen Fitz, Peter Romero, Marwa Abdulhai, Aleksandra Faust, Maja Matarić. arXiv 2023.
    arxiv.org/abs/2307.00184

Relationships, Attraction & Matching

  1. The Mathematics of Marriage: Dynamic Nonlinear Models. Gottman et al. MIT Press 2005. Mathematical modeling of marital interaction, early work treating relationships as dynamical systems.
    mitpress.mit.edu
  2. Synergy and Synchrony in Couple Dances. Vongani Maluleke, Lea Müller, Jathushan Rajasegaran, Georgios Pavlakos, Shiry Ginosar, Angjoo Kanazawa, Jitendra Malik. arXiv 2024.
    arxiv.org/abs/2409.04440
  3. Machine learning meets partner matching: Predicting the future relationship quality based on personality traits. Inga Großmann, André Hottung, Artus Krohn-Grimberghe. PLOS ONE 2019.
    doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213569
  4. Birds of a Feather Do Flock Together: Behavior-Based Personality-Assessment Method Reveals Personality Similarity Among Couples and Friends. Wu Youyou, David Stillwell, H. Andrew Schwartz, Michal Kosinski. Psychological Science 2017.
    doi.org/10.1177/0956797616678187
  5. Machine learning uncovers the most robust self-report predictors of relationship quality across 43 longitudinal couples studies. Samantha Joel, Paul W. Eastwick, et al. PNAS 2020.
    doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917036117
  6. Do Physical Attractiveness and Personality Traits Predict Romantic Partner Evaluations? A Speed-Dating Study in Japan. Mie Kito, Toshihiko Souma, Takashi Nishimura, Junko Yamada, Yuji Kanemasa, Junichi Taniguchi, Taishi Kawamoto. Japanese Psychological Research 2024.
    doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12489
  7. Why Do Personality Traits Predict Divorce? Multiple Pathways Through Satisfaction. Brittany C. Solomon, Joshua J. Jackson. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2014.
    doi.org/10.1037/a0036190
  8. Seeking Soulmate via Voice: Understanding Promises and Challenges of Online Synchronized Voice-Based Mobile Dating. Chenxinran Shen, Yan Xu, Ray LC, Zhicong Lu. CHI 2024.
    arxiv.org/abs/2402.19328
  9. There Are Plenty of Fish in the Sea: The Effects of Choice Overload and Reversibility on Online Daters’ Satisfaction With Selected Partners. Jonathan D. D’Angelo, Catalina L. Toma. Media Psychology 2016.
    doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2015.1121827
  10. Online Dating: A Critical Analysis From the Perspective of Psychological Science. Eli J. Finkel, Paul W. Eastwick, Benjamin R. Karney, Harry T. Reis, Susan Sprecher. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2012.
    doi.org/10.1177/1529100612436522
  11. Two Personalities, One Relationship: Both Partners’ Personality Traits Shape the Quality of Their Relationship. Richard W. Robins, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000.
    doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.251

Faces, Aesthetics & Taste

  1. SCUT-FBP: A Benchmark Dataset for Facial Beauty Perception. Duorui Xie, Lingyu Liang, Lianwen Jin, Jie Xu, Mengru Li. arXiv 2015.
    arxiv.org/abs/1511.02459
  2. Fashionpedia-Taste: A Dataset towards Explaining Human Fashion Taste. Mengyun Shi, Serge Belongie, Claire Cardie. arXiv 2023.
    arxiv.org/abs/2305.02307
  3. Cross-Modality Personalization for Retrieval. Nils Murrugarra-Llerena, Adriana Kovashka. CVPR 2019.
    openaccess.thecvf.com (CVPR 2019)
  4. Fashionpedia-Ads: Do Your Favorite Advertisements Reveal Your Fashion Taste? Mengyun Shi, Claire Cardie, Serge Belongie. arXiv 2023.
    arxiv.org/abs/2305.02360

Social Simulation & Agents

  1. Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior. Park et al. UIST 2023. Stanford’s generative agents in a town, the proof of concept for LLM relationship simulation.
    arxiv.org/abs/2304.03442
  2. Simulate Before You Act: LLM Agents Simulate Turn-Taking in Relationships. RELATE-Sim. LLM agents initialized with user personas simulate “turning point” conversations, predicting relationship outcomes.
    arxiv.org/abs/2502.05058
  3. “Let Your Characters Tell Their Story”: A Dataset for Character-Centric Narrative Understanding. Faeze Brahman, Meng Huang, Oyvind Tafjord, Chao Zhao, Mrinmaya Sachan, Snigdha Chaturvedi. Findings of EMNLP 2021.
    arxiv.org/abs/2109.05438

Culture, Narrative & Data Sources

  1. TV Tropes. A wiki of tens of thousands of character tropes linked to tens of thousands of fictional characters. The bipartite graph that encodes unsupervised personality clustering by collective cultural observation.
    tvtropes.org
  2. MovieGraphs: Towards Understanding Human-Centric Situations from Videos. Paul Vicol, Makarand Tapaswi, Lluís Castrejón, Sanja Fidler. CVPR 2018.
    arxiv.org/abs/1712.06761
  3. Speakers of different languages remember visual scenes differently. Matias Fernandez-Duque, Sayuri Hayakawa, Viorica Marian. Science Advances 2023.
    doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh0064
  4. Human Computation. Luis von Ahn. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 2005.
    reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu (CMU-CS-05-193)

Methods & Miscellany

  1. Genes and Sales. Shiyang Gong, Qian Li, Song Su, Juanjuan Zhang. Management Science 2024.
    doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4879
  2. Active Learning on a Budget: Opposite Strategies Suit High and Low Budgets. Guy Hacohen, Avihu Dekel, Daphna Weinshall. ICML 2022.
    arxiv.org/abs/2202.02794

This Research Program

  1. A Theoretical Roadmap to the Relationship Singularity. Fisher. 2025. The full theoretical framework for personality embeddings and relationship outcome prediction.
    relationshipsingularity.org/roadmap.pdf
  2. Relationship Outcome Prediction Tech. Fisher. Love Symposium, November 2024. Two-hour research talk covering the full roadmap.
    youtu.be/2pQrl_LsjKU
  3. “Can You Optimize Love?” The New York Times, January 2026. Coverage of the Love Symposium and this research program.
    nytimes.com
  4. Love Symposium. A conference in San Francisco exploring technology’s role in human connection.
    symposium.love
Submit a paper

About Matthew Fisher

Matthew Fisher

staff@relationshipsingularity.org